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Contemporary World

Post-Cold War history — globalization, technology, conflicts, and politics from 1991 to today.
9th–12thGlobalizationTechnologyPolitics
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Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
Pripyat, Soviet Union

The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sits near Pripyat, in northern Ukraine — on the broad lowland plains east of Europe, north of the Black Sea, and just south of the border with Belarus. On April 26…

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1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
Beijing, China

This is Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China — the immense paved plaza at the symbolic centre of the North China Plain, where the ancient imperial capital sits between the Taihang Mountains to the west…

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Fall of the Berlin Wall
Berlin, Germany

This is Berlin, the capital of Germany, sitting in the broad North European Plain between the Rhine basin to the west and the Oder River — the natural boundary with Poland — to the east. On November…

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Indian Economic Liberalization
New Delhi, India

New Delhi, the capital of India, sits on the broad plains of the Ganges-Indus heartland — flanked by the Himalayas to the north and tapering toward the Indian Ocean to the south, exactly the…

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Founding of the Internet and World Wide Web
Geneva, Switzerland

This event took place at CERN, the particle physics laboratory straddling the border between France and Switzerland near Geneva, nestled between the Jura Mountains to the northwest and the Alps to…

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Moscow, Soviet Union

This event unfolded in Moscow, Russia — the capital city sitting on the flat East European Plain, roughly equidistant between the Baltic Sea to the northwest and the Caspian Sea to the southeast, at…

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Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm)
Kuwait City, Kuwait

Kuwait City, the capital of Kuwait, sits on the northwestern corner of the Persian Gulf — exactly where the flat Arabian Peninsula meets the ancient river plains of Mesopotamia, with Iraq to the…

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Los Angeles Riots
Los Angeles, United States

Los Angeles, California, USA — the vast Pacific-coast city nestled between the San Gabriel Mountains and the Pacific Ocean in the southwestern corner of North America — was the site of six days of…

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Rio Earth Summit
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This was Rio de Janeiro, Brazil — a city hugged between dramatic granite peaks and a wide South Atlantic bay on South America's southeastern coast, exactly the coastal setting the title clue…

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Launch of the World Wide Web (Mosaic Browser Release)
Champaign, Illinois, United States

This breakthrough happened in Champaign, Illinois — a city sitting on the flat glacial plains of the American Midwest, well inland from both coasts, south of Lake Michigan and straddling the upper…

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Founding of the European Union (Maastricht Treaty)
Maastricht, Netherlands

Maastricht, a city in the southern Netherlands — where the Rhine delta country stretches between France and Germany, close to the North Sea coast — was where the treaty came into force on November 1…

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Oslo Accords
Oslo, Norway

The signing took place on the White House lawn in Washington D.C., United States — situated along the Potomac River on the Atlantic seaboard of North America, roughly midway up the eastern coast. On…

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U.S. Intervention in Somalia (Battle of Mogadishu)
Mogadishu, Somalia

This is Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia — perched on the Horn of Africa, the continent's sharp northeastern tip where the Indian Ocean meets the Gulf of Aden, directly south across the water from…

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Signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement
Washington, D.C., United States

Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, sits on the Potomac River along the eastern seaboard of North America — the continent that stretches from the Arctic tundra of Canada in the north…

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Contract with America and Republican Revolution
Washington, D.C., United States

Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, sits on the eastern seaboard where the Potomac River meets the fall line separating the Appalachian piedmont from the Atlantic coastal plain. In…

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Election of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa
Pretoria, South Africa

Pretoria, the administrative capital of South Africa, sits on the high interior plateau on the Highveld plateau of the northern interior, about 500 kilometres from the nearest coast. On May 10, 1994…

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Rwandan Genocide
Kigali, Rwanda

This is Kigali, the capital of Rwanda — a densely hilled, landlocked country sitting on the high plateau between the Congo basin and the East African Rift Valley, almost exactly at the continent's…

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Bosnian War and U.S. NATO Intervention (Operation Deliberate Force)
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

This is Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina — a city nestled in a mountain valley in the western Balkans, exactly where the rugged Dinaric Alps rise inland from the Adriatic and the…

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Dot-com Boom and Bust
San Jose, United States

San Jose, California, sits at the southern tip of San Francisco Bay, nestled in the Santa Clara Valley between the Coast Ranges and the Pacific shore — the heart of what became known as Silicon…

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Formation of the World Trade Organization
Geneva, Switzerland

Geneva, Switzerland — a landlocked city tucked between the Alps to the south and the Jura Mountains to the northwest, close to the borders of France and Germany — is where the World Trade…

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Srebrenica Massacre
Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina

This atrocity unfolded in Srebrenica, a town in Bosnia and Herzegovina — tucked into the forested ridges of the Dinaric Alps in the western Balkans, roughly midway between the Adriatic coast and the…

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Defense of Marriage Act Signed
Washington, D.C., United States

Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the United States, sits on the Potomac River along the Atlantic seaboard of North America — the low-lying tidal plain the title clue pointed toward. In…

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Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
Ottawa, Canada

Ottawa, the capital of Canada, sits on the Ottawa River in the country's southeast, where the Canadian Shield meets the St. Lawrence lowlands — the political heart of a nation spanning from the…

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Dolly the Sheep Cloning
Edinburgh, United Kingdom

The Roslin Institute sits near Edinburgh, Scotland — on the eastern side of Great Britain, just south of the Firth of Forth where the North Sea cuts into the island's coast. In 1996, scientists there…

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Welfare Reform Act (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act)
Washington, D.C., United States

Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, sits on the Atlantic coastal plain along the Potomac River, roughly 100 miles inland from the Chesapeake Bay and east of the Appalachian Mountains…

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Truth and Reconciliation Commission begins
East London, South Africa

East London sits on the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa at the mouth of the Buffalo River, where it meets the Indian Ocean. The city is surrounded by the former Ciskei and Transkei homelands. On…

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Taliban Takeover of Afghanistan and Imposition of Islamic Law
Kabul, Afghanistan

This is Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan — a high-altitude city cradled by the Hindu Kush mountain range in Central Asia, landlocked between Iran to the west and Pakistan to the east. In 1996, the…

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Handover of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, United Kingdom / China

This is Hong Kong, on the southern edge of China's Pearl River Delta coast, exactly where the South China Sea meets the steep hills of the Guangdong peninsula. On July 1, 1997, the United Kingdom…

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Asian Financial Crisis
Bangkok, Thailand

Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, sits near the head of the Gulf of Thailand on the long Indochinese Peninsula. In July 1997, Thailand's currency, the baht, collapsed after the government could no…

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Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Adopted
Rome, Italy

This was Rome, the capital of Italy — sitting on the Tiber River in the middle of the Italian Peninsula, exactly the boot-shaped landmass stretching south into the Mediterranean that the title clue…

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China's Great Firewall Implementation
Beijing, China

Beijing, the capital of China — sitting on the North China Plain just south of the Great Wall and west of the Bohai Sea — was the seat of power where the Golden Shield Project, widely known as the…

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Signing of the Good Friday Agreement
Belfast, United Kingdom

Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom, sits on the northeastern shore of the island of Ireland — separated from mainland Britain by the Irish Sea and sharing a land border…

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Kosovo War
Pristina, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

This conflict unfolded in and around Pristina, the main city of Kosovo — a landlocked territory in the mountainous heart of the western Balkans, wedged between the Adriatic Sea to the west and the…

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NATO Intervention in Kosovo
Brussels, Belgium

The target of this 78-day air campaign was Brussels, Belgium — the headquarters of the alliance that ordered the strikes, located in the low-lying heart of Western Europe between the North Sea coast…

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Creation of Nunavut
Iqaluit, Canada

Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut in northern Canada, sits on Baffin Island — a massive island between Hudson Bay and the Labrador Sea, in the far northeast of North America. On April 1, 1999, Nunavut…

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Seattle WTO Protests
Seattle, United States

Seattle, Washington, in the United States, is the city on Puget Sound — the deep inland sea carved into the Pacific Northwest coast, with the Cascade Range rising sharply to the east. In late 1999…

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Nigeria's Sharia Law Adoption in Northern States
Kano, Nigeria

This event is anchored in Kano, the largest city in northern Nigeria — a vast country occupying the bulge where West Africa pushes farthest into the Atlantic, with its northern regions edging toward…

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Adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration
New York City, United States

This event took place at the United Nations headquarters in New York City, USA — on Manhattan Island, wedged between the Hudson River and the East River, at the northeastern edge of the North…

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September 11 Attacks
New York City, United States

This is New York City, on the northeastern coast of the United States, where the Hudson River empties into the Atlantic at one of the world's great natural harbours — exactly the dense island skyline…

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Attack on the Pentagon
Arlington, United States

This is the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, on the west bank of the Potomac River directly across from Washington, D.C. — the five-sided military headquarters the title clue pointed toward. On…

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Crash of United Flight 93
Shanksville, United States

This is a reclaimed field near Shanksville, in the Appalachian ridges of Somerset County, western Pennsylvania — the empty rural ground the title clue pointed toward. On September 11, 2001, United…

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Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF)
Washington D.C., United States

On September 14, 2001, just three days after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force with near-unanimous support — 98–0 in the Senate and 420–1…

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USA PATRIOT Act Signed into Law
Washington, D.C., United States

Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the United States, sits on the Atlantic seaboard of North America — wedged between the Appalachian Mountains to the west and the tidal lowlands of the…

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U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan
Kabul, Afghanistan

This is Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan — a city sitting in a high mountain valley of the Hindu Kush, deep in the heart of Central Asia, exactly where those rugged ranges seal the country off from…

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Battle of Tora Bora
Tora Bora, Afghanistan

Tora Bora is a cave-riddled mountain complex in eastern Afghanistan, nestled in the Hindu Kush range just a few kilometres from the Pakistani border — exactly the kind of high, remote terrain the…

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Fall of Kabul to U.S.-led Forces
Kabul, Afghanistan

On November 13–14, 2001, Afghan Northern Alliance forces backed by U.S. Special Forces and American and British airstrikes captured Kabul from the Taliban regime, which had controlled roughly 90…

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China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
Doha, Qatar

The ceremony took place in Doha, the capital of Qatar — a small peninsula projecting northward into the Persian Gulf from the Arabian coast, flanked by Saudi Arabia to the south and Bahrain across…

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Establishment of the International Criminal Court
The Hague, Netherlands

The city is The Hague, in the Netherlands — sitting in the flat Rhine-Maas delta where northwestern Europe meets the North Sea, exactly the coastal lowland the title clue described. On July 1, 2002…

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Bali Bombings
Kuta, Bali, Indonesia

This attack struck Kuta, a beach resort town on Bali — a small island in Indonesia, sitting between the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north, in the heart of Southeast Asia's vast…

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U.S. Invasion of Iraq
Baghdad, Iraq

This is Baghdad, the capital of Iraq — a city built on the Tigris River in the flat, sun-baked lowlands of Mesopotamia, the ancient land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East. In…

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Iraq War
Baghdad, Iraq

This is Baghdad, the capital of Iraq — sitting in the heart of Mesopotamia, the ancient floodplain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, exactly where those two great rivers converge before…

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Capture of Saddam Hussein
Ad-Dawr, Iraq

On December 13, 2003, U.S. forces launched Operation Red Dawn near Ad-Dawr, a small town south of Tikrit, Iraq. About 600 soldiers from the 4th Infantry Division and Task Force 121 searched two farm…

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Indian Ocean Tsunami and UN Humanitarian Response
Banda Aceh, Indonesia

This is Banda Aceh, the northernmost city of Sumatra, Indonesia — sitting at the very tip of the island where the Indian Ocean and the Andaman Sea converge, exactly where the title clue pointed. On…

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Abu Ghraib Prison Abuse Scandal
Abu Ghraib, Iraq

In April 2004, CBS News and journalist Seymour Hersh published photographs revealing that U.S. military personnel at Abu Ghraib prison, 32 kilometers west of Baghdad, had subjected Iraqi detainees to…

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Battle of Fallujah (Second)
Fallujah, Iraq

This was Fallujah, Iraq — a city sitting on the Euphrates River in the broad Mesopotamian plain between the two great rivers, roughly 65 kilometres west of Baghdad. In November 2004, U.S. and Iraqi…

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North Korean Nuclear Test
Punggye-ri, North Korea

The Punggye-ri nuclear test site sits in the mountainous northeast of North Korea — a peninsula jutting southward from the Asian mainland, squeezed between China to the north, Russia at its…

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Iraq War Troop Surge
Baghdad, Iraq

This is Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, a city built on the Tigris River in the broad alluvial plain of Mesopotamia — the ancient land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the heart of the Middle…

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Launch of the iPhone and Mobile Internet Revolution
San Francisco, United States

The event took place in San Francisco, California, USA — a city built on a hilly peninsula where the Pacific Ocean meets San Francisco Bay, on the far western edge of North America. In January 2007…

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Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Ottawa, Canada

Ottawa, the capital of Canada, sits in the country's southeast, where the Canadian Shield meets the St. Lawrence lowlands, roughly halfway between the Atlantic and the heart of the continent…

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2008 Financial Crisis and Bank Bailout (TARP)
Washington, D.C., United States

Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, sits on the northeastern seaboard of North America — on the Atlantic coastal plain just east of the Appalachian Mountains, near where the Potomac…

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Election of Barack Obama as President
Chicago, United States

This is Chicago, on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan in the American Midwest. On the night of November 4, 2008, Barack Obama delivered his presidential-election victory speech to a crowd of…

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Arab Spring Uprisings Begin in Tunisia
Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia

The event unfolded in Sidi Bouzid, a provincial town in central Tunisia — sitting on the high interior plateau of North Africa, roughly halfway between the Sahara Desert to the south and the…

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Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster
Ōkuma, Japan

This disaster unfolded at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Japan — on the Pacific-facing coast of Honshu, the main island of the arc that curves along Asia's eastern edge. On March…

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Arab Spring in Egypt — Tahrir Square Protests
Cairo, Egypt

This is Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt — sitting in the Nile Delta where Africa's longest river spreads into the Mediterranean, at the continent's northeastern corner where Africa nearly touches Asia…

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NSA Mass Surveillance Revelations
Bluffdale, United States

This is Bluffdale, in the U.S. state of Utah — a small city in the Salt Lake Valley, the high-elevation desert basin running between the Wasatch Range to the east and the Oquirrh Mountains to the…

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Annexation of Crimea by Russia
Sevastopol, Ukraine

Sevastopol, on the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine — a wedge of land pushing south into the Black Sea, with the narrow Kerch Strait separating it from Russia to the east and the Bosphorus connecting the…

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Paris Agreement on Climate Change
Paris, France

Paris, the capital of France, sits along the Seine River in the heart of northwestern Europe — exactly where the broad North European Plain meets the Channel coast facing England. In 2015…

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Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA)
Vienna, Austria

The city was Vienna, Austria — a landlocked Alpine capital in the heart of Central Europe, where the Eastern Alps give way to the Danube basin and the continent's old imperial crossroads. On July 14…

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MMIWG Inquiry — National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
Ottawa, Canada

Ottawa, Canada's capital, sits where the Ottawa River flows into the St. Lawrence lowlands, near the northern shore of the Great Lakes — exactly the inland river-junction geography hinted at in the…

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Brexit Referendum
London, United Kingdom

This event unfolded in London, the capital of the United Kingdom — an island nation perched off the northwestern edge of continental Europe, separated from France and the mainland by the English…

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Canadian Human Rights Tribunal — First Nations Child Welfare Ruling
Ottawa, Canada

This ruling was issued in Ottawa, Canada's capital, perched on the Ottawa River where the rocky Canadian Shield plateau gives way to the fertile St. Lawrence lowlands in the heart of the continent…

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COVID-19 Pandemic Declared
Geneva, Switzerland

Geneva, Switzerland — a city tucked between the Alps and the Jura mountains on the western tip of Lake Geneva — was where the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on March…

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U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Kabul, Afghanistan

This is Kabul, Afghanistan's capital, sealed off from the sea and hemmed in by the towering Hindu Kush, sitting almost equidistant between Iran to the west, Pakistan to the south and east, and the…

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